Attorney General Lisa Madigan today joined a coalition of 19 attorneys general and the state of Colorado in urging the U.S. Department of Commerce to reject the addition of a citizenship question to the 2020 decennial Census. Because this question would cause a decrease in participation by immigrants, it would directly threaten states' fair representation in Congress and the Electoral College, as well as billions of dollars in federal funds for programs like Medicaid.
Under the Constitution, the Census Bureau has an obligation to determine "the whole number of persons in each state," including citizens and non-citizens. Yet the addition of a citizenship question to the Census is expected to depress participation among immigrants, causing a population undercount that would disproportionately harm states and cities with large immigrant communities, including Illinois. Non-citizens are counted in the Census for the purposes of federal funds, apportioning of congressional seats and Electoral College votes, and the drawing of state and local districts.
"An accurate Census count is fundamental to our democracy," Madigan said. "The Justice Department's proposed change to the Census would undermine proportional representation and unjustly harm states that have thriving immigrant communities, like Illinois."
On December 12, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ( DOJ ) requested that the Census Bureau include a citizenship question on the 2020 census form sent to every household in the United States, even though the Census is supposed to count all persons—citizens and non-citizens alike. The DOJ argued that the collection of such information was necessary to ensure proper enforcement of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Yet as Madigan and the attorneys general explain in today's letter, the DOJ's proposal would have precisely the opposite effect by driving down participation in immigrant communities—a concern that is even more acute in today's political climate.
To the extent that the Voting Rights Act requires a calculation of the number of eligible voters in a given jurisdiction, the Census Bureau already provides an adequate—and far less intrusive—source of citizenship information based on sampling, including the American Community Survey.
The letter emphasizes the irreparable harm that will result from inaccuracies in the 2020 Census caused by the inclusion of a citizenship question. The decennial census is used to apportion seats in the House of Representatives, and to determine the total number of delegates each state receives in the Electoral College. As a result, an undercount of population in states that are home to large immigrant communities will impair fair representation, a principle fundamental to the fabric of our democracy. In addition, hundreds of billions of dollars in federal funds are directly tied to demographic information obtained through the census, including Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program and Title I funding for local educational agencies. Consequently, inaccurate counts can potentially deprive states of much-needed funds designed to protect low-income and vulnerable communities.
The letter also explains that the threat to the accuracy of the 2020 Census is magnified by the extreme lateness of the Justice Department's proposal. The Census Bureau is considering the addition of a citizenship question only three months before it is required to send a list of final questions to Congress. This short timeframe is not nearly enough to adequately test the full impact of the citizenship question, as required by the Census Bureau's standards on data collection. These concerns are heightened by the Bureau's already precarious fiscal position. The Bureau is dramatically underfunded, and the additional of a citizenship question would significantly increase the overall cost of completing the Census.
Joining Madigan in sending the letter were attorneys general from California, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, as well as the governor of the State of Colorado.
